AVIAN PARASITES
 
Avian parasites consist of Protozoa, Worms and Mites. The result of the infection depends on the acuteness of infection. The most common cause for such infection in birds in aviaries is due to lack of proper quarantine. Birds kept in outdoor aviaries and new imports are susceptible to this infections. 
 
How to detect the infection
1. Examining the feces visually.
2. Taking a swap of the vent, or any lesion in the body for clinical investigation
3. Flotation is done by mixing feces in a solution which will cause parasite eggs to float to the surface and it is then examined under microscope for evaluation. 
 
Types of Protozoa 
Trichomonas
This gastrointestinal parasite does not require an intermediate host. It is passed by ingestion of contaminated food and water. Parents can pass it to young during feeding. This infection is very common in finches causing loss of voice. I have found that this has been cause of dead young nestlings dead in nest. Due to loss of voice they do not beg for food and are not feed, hence die of starvation. Signs of this infection in adult bird are loss of weight, difficulty in breathing. This infection is also found in Amazons, Cockatiels, Budgerigars apart from finches were it is very common. 
Medication : Ronidazole, Metronidazole.
Brand name : Ronivet (Aus), Flagyl, Normetrogyl, Ivipet plus. 
 
Giardia
Transmission is due to ingestion of food contaminated with feces from infected birds. Cysts are stable in the environment and serve as a source of infection. Hence it is very import that the cages and aviaries should be kept in hygienic condition by cleaning them regularly to avoid any infection from contaminated droppings Very commonly infects Budgerigars, Cockatiels, Lovebirds and Gray cheeked parrot. But it is rarely seen in South American parrots and Cockatoos and has not been reported Finches or Canaries. Signs of this infection are mucous diarrhea, loss of appetite, weakness, and recurrent yeast infection, High mortality in the nest, stunt growth common in case of neonatal Budgerigars and Cockatiels. Feather picking is a clinical manifestation, especially in Cockatiels and IRN. 
Treatment - Metronidazole. 
Brand name : Flagyl, Normetrogyl
 
Hexamita
Common found among Cockatiels and Lories. Similar to Giardia causes loss of weight or diarrhea 
Treatment is similar to Giardia.
Brand name : Flagyl, Normetrogyl
 
Coccida
Commonly found in Canaries, Finches, and Lories. Infections in mynahs and toucans rarely clinical unless stressed in crowded unsanitary conditions. Diagnosis is through direct fecal or flotation. 
Treatment - Metronidazole.
Brand name : Flagyl, Metrogyl.
 
Blood Parasites 
It is a commonly occurring avian blood parasite, especially in wild caught Cockatoos. Up to 50% of wild caught imported were found to be positive, while only 5% of long term captive birds were positive. Clinical signs, if they occur, can rangr from enlarged spleen, enlarged liver and fluid in lungs it is a commonly occurring avian blood parasite, especially in wild caught Cockatoos. Up to 50% of wild caught imported were found to be positive, while only 5% of long term captive birds were positive. Clinical signs, if they occur, can range from enlarged spleen, enlarged liver and fluid in lungs. Diagnosis is done by taking a peripheral blood smear to identify gametocytes which encircle RBC nucleus. A bird can be the asymptomatic but when its immune system is down or stressed bird It can cause serious problem due to high level parasites in blood . 
Treatment - not recommended in asymptomatic birds, if affected and showing signs of infection -Quinacrine.
 
Types of Worms
Tapeworms
Birds can be infected but still remain asymptomatic. Most commonly infected species are finches, African greys (15-20% of wild caught birds, Cockatoos 10-20% of wild caught birds and Eclectus parrots. . They absorb nutrients from host causing weight loss and diarrhea. A large number of worms can cause impaction. Some attribute it as a cause of feather plucking in African, Asian and Australian parrots (old word parrots).
Treatment - Praziquantel, Ivermectin.
Brand name : Wormout Gel(Aus), Ivpet plus.
 
Roundworms
Most common parasites found in birds housed in enclosures with access to ground or dirty cages and unhygienic food. Infections are very common in Budgerigars, Grass parakeets and Cockatiels. Clinical signs of severe infestation are distended abdomen, weight loss, diarrhea, impaction, Diagnosis is done through fecal examination/flotation. 
Treatment - Pyrantel pamoate, Fenbendazole.
Brand name : Wormout Gel(Aus), Ivpet plus.
 
Capillaria
They are tiny thread-like nematodes that affect the GI tract of most species of aviary birds, most commonly affecting Canaries, Budgerigars, and in Macaws. Symptoms may range from anorexia, vomiting and anemia. Diagnosis through fecal flotation or scraping of suspected lesions. 
Treatment - Mebendazole, Fenbendazole, Ivermectin.
Brand name : Wormout Gel(Aus), Ivpet plus.
Types of Lice and Mites
Biting Lice
These lice will cause itching and poor feather condition in birds. Parasites eggs can be seen attached to feathers. But most of this species are host specific and die quickly when they leave the host. I have not seen them on parrot species.
Treatment - Dusting with Pyrethrins will control infestation.
Treatment - Scatt, S76, Ivipet plus. Tix free.   
 
Scaly Face/Scaly feet Mite
One of the most common avian mite on pet birds. Causes dry scaly lesions on the bare skin of the face and feet. Very commonly found on Budgerigars and Canaries and in small sized parakeets.
Treatment – Scatt or Ivermection 0.01%
Brand Name Scatt, S76, Ivipet plus.
 
Air Sac Mites
These mites infect the trachea Gouldian finches and Canaries, Cockatiels and small parakeets.
The birds most affected are Canaries, finches (especially Lady Gouldians), parakeets and cockatiels. Air sac mite’s entire life cycle occurs in respiratory tract of infected host. Eggs spread by coughing or coughed, swallowed and passed in feces. Clinical signs include heavy open moth breathing, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge. In severe form it can result in death due to asphyxiation. 
Treatment – Scatt, Ivermectin, clean environment to remove eggs that may be present and cause re-infection.
Treatment – Scatt or Ivermection 0.01% 
Brand Name Scatt, S76, Ivipet plus.
Red Mites
These mites are found to infect wild birds, birds housed in outdoor aviaries and pet stores. They feed on the blood leading to anemia, itchy skin and poor growth in young birds. These mites live in the cracks of the cages and nest boxes. They come out in the night and hide in the cracks during day. They are sometimes the cause of death of the nestlings in the nest. Diagnosis is by identification of mite, by through close inspection of cages, perches and nest boxes. One can check for red mites by placing a white towel or tissue paper in the corner of the cage or nest box during night. When check in the morning on can find the mites inside the folds of towel/tissue paper. 
Treatment – Dusting the cage, perches and nest boxes with Pyrethrins or commercially available anti-mite products . Scorching is also very effective and safe. 
Treatment - S7, Scatt ,Ivipet plus, Tix free.
 
Remember Parasites weaken the bird and its immune system making them susceptible to other infections as host they drain them of nutrition that is required for the wellbeing, this infections are usually over looked at the initial stage as they do not show any symptoms. Hence it is very important to quarantine an infected bird or a newly acquired bird of 30 days to reduce the risk the risk of transmission to healthy birds. 
 
Please note
 S76 is safe to use at any stage of their breeding cycle. It will not cause harm to the health and fertility of mature birds, fledglings or eggs.
Scatt is not recommended for use on birds younger that 6 months of age and during breeding season.
 
Referrance - Avian Medicine: Principles and Application by Ritchie, Harrison, Harrison).

Jacob Muzzin won their first qualified goal from the Monarchs OT burning.
Stansted, New hampshire – Suitable side Francois Bouchard have scored the particular game-winning aim from 12:38 in the in the long run time to provide the Hershey Contains this 3-2 overtime success in the Luton Kings and queens within recreation all 5 with the The new year Calder Goblet Far east Discussion Remaining at the Verizon Wireless Market in Friday nighttime.Men's - Detroit Lions Amon-Ra St.Men's New York Jets Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Sideline Tri-Blend T-Shirt Brown Silver 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Atlanta Falcons Bijan Robinson Black 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Green Bay Packers Lukas Van Ness Green 2023 NFL Draft First Round Pick Game JerseyU.2023 Salute To Service Sean Taylor Washington Commanders Brown Retired Player Limited Jersey - MensS.Men's - Houston Texans Derek Stingley Jr.2023 Salute To Service Cleveland Browns Brown Lightweight Long Sleeve Hoodie Tee - Mens White 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Chicago Bears Justin Fields White 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service Kenny Pickett Pittsburgh Steelers Brown Limited Jersey - MensU.Men's - Minnesota Vikings Dalvin Cook White 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Kansas City Chiefs Patrick Mahomes White 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tom Brady Orange 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Washington Commanders Brian Robinson Jr.Men's - New Orleans Saints Alvin Kamara Black 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Brown Retired Player Limited Jersey - MensU.Men's - Houston Texans Dameon Pierce Red 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service Indianapolis Colts Brown Lightweight Long Sleeve Hoodie Tee - MensU.Men's - Seattle Seahawks Tyler Lockett College Navy 2023 Vapor F.Women's Tennessee Titans Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Sideline Tri-Blend T-ShirtU.2023 Salute To Service Green Bay Packers Brown Long Sleeve Crew Neck T-shirt - MensS.Youth Boy Carolina Panthers Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Club Pullover HoodieE.Youth Boy Denver Broncos Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Club Pullover Hoodie Limited JerseyS.Men's - Cleveland Browns Myles Garrett White Alternate 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service Club Miami Dolphins Brown Pullover Hoodie - MensU.Men's Chicago Bears Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Club Pullover HoodieS.2023 Salute To Service Club New York Jets Brown Pullover Hoodie - MensE.2023 Salute To Service Mark Andrews Baltimore Ravens Brown Limited Jersey - Mens Limited JerseyE.2023 Salute To Service Miami Dolphins Brown Pullover Hoodie - Womens Limited JerseyS.Men's - Minnesota Vikings Justin Jefferson Purple Classic 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service New York Giants Brown Lightweight Long Sleeve Hoodie Tee - MensU.Men's - New York Jets Ahmad Sauce Gardner White 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service Club Dallas Cowboys Brown Pullover Hoodie - MensU.2023 Salute To Service Minnesota Vikings Brown Sideline Crew Neck T-shirt - MensS.Men's Arizona Cardinals Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Club Pullover HoodieE.Men's - Detroit Lions Brian Branch Blue 2023 NFL Draft Pick Game Jersey Limited JerseyS.Men's - Carolina Panthers D.2023 Salute To Service Club Detroit Lions Brown Pullover Hoodie - MensJ.Youth Boy Detroit Lions Nike Black 2023 NFL Crucial Catch Club Pullover Hoodie Moore Black 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Los Angeles Chargers Justin Herbert Powder Blue 2023 Vapor F.Men's - Atlanta Falcons Kyle Pitts Red 2023 Vapor F.Men's - New England Patriots Rhamondre Stevenson Navy 2023 Vapor F.Men's - New England Patriots Matthew Judon Red 2023 Vapor F.2023 Salute To Service Josh Allen Buffalo Bills Brown Limited Jersey - Womens U.Men's - Seattle Seahawks Tariq Woolen Royal Throwback 2023 Vapor F.Men's - New England Patriots Christian Gonzalez White 2023 NFL Draft First Round Pick Game JerseyU.2023 Salute To Service CeeDee Lamb Dallas Cowboys Brown Limited Jersey - ChildS.2023 Salute To Service Washington Commanders Brown Lightweight Long Sleeve Hoodie Tee - MensE.2023 Salute To Service Jacksonville Jaguars Brown Pullover Hoodie - Womens Limited JerseyS.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyE. Limited JerseyE. Limited Jersey White 2023 Vapor F.U.S.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyS.E. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited JerseyE. Limited JerseyU.S.E. Limited Jersey With your win, the actual Holds now have got a 3-2 line direct with sport six to eight with Hershey with Saturday, Could Twenty-two at 6:00 delaware.l.

“We great insurance through the entire online game,” stated Kings and queens Scalp Mentor Tag Morris following a overtime decline. “All of us discovered the goaltender and also searched just a little from forms in overtime.

“[Bears netminder Michal] Neuvirth ended up saving the trail; we had many opportunities. We got several authentic near misses, nevertheless we confirmed our children's right now there at the conclusion.”

Bouchard have scored the particular game-winning goal with Twelve:Thirty eight in the at an increased rate period to own triumph to be able to Hershey. Left mentorship Joe Bourque flipped a new puck in web that will Kings and queens netminder Jonathan Bernier to begin with halted. Center Mathieu Perreault furthermore got a further swipe at the puck in addition to dislodged the idea, mailing the item around when it comes to the left write-up. Bouchard failed the quit post and also, while dropping right into a load regarding Monarchs gamers, the actual puck slid after dark vast Bernier to the game-winning target.

Left mentorship Bud Holloway have scored his seventh purpose of your 2009-2010 season in the 4:00-mark of the 3rd period of time to begin the actual credit scoring. Skating for the electrical power participate in, left mentorship Dwight King circled over the left wing snowboards while using puck. King slid an rss feed back in defenseman Johnson Hickey in the blueline. Hickey sent the puck forward to Holloway, situated at the top of the proper face-off department of transportation. Holloway terminated huge strike chance which beat Contains netminder Michal Neuvirth underneath their left supply along with in the appropriate article to the 1-0 Monarchs direct.

Center Kyle Wilson obtained his / her fourth objective of your 2009-2010 nfl season on 12:Forty-one on the third period of time to knot the ranking with 1. Initiating the play in the simple zoom, heart Steve Pinizzoto delivered this puck to left wing Boyd Kane coming into the particular unpleasant region. Kane placed your puck for enough time pertaining to Wilson for you to collision the net. Kane routed a new move from your eventually left position when it comes to the proper article, the place that the puck kicked off associated with Wilson’ersus skates in addition to to the returning of the online.

Defenseman Jacob Muzzin won the 1st specialist objective to set this Kings and queens forward 2-1 on the Seventeen:26 draw in the third stanza. After quite a few pictures upon goal had been quit by means of Neuvirth, Holloway pumped the particular puck powering the actual Bears world wide web. Holloway transferred the actual puck time for where that it was obtained by simply Hickey. A quick break of the hand sent the puck for you to Muzzin, who was sneaking approximately the top of the appropriate face-off group of friends. A effective punch picture beat Neuvirth to obtain the Monarchs some sort of overdue lead that may not last.

With Neuvirth drawn in the final mins, Bourque evened the credit score with 2-2 along with 51 seconds vacationing in the experience. A face-off win through center Keith Aucoin preceded hefty unpleasant stress in the Bears in the ultimate minute involving regulations. Aucoin seemed to be raised on the puck at the eventually left face-off group of friends. The Hershey centre passed this puck up to eventually left side Alexandre Giroux, placed in the place. A fast pass over to be able to Bourque for the correct wing panels was dismissed the location of troubles the ranking on two goals apiece by the end of regulation.

Bernier (10-5) attracted his fifth decrease in the actual playoffs, stopping 32-of-35 images upon web. Neuvirth (9-2) gathered his 9th win from the postseason, ceasing 27-of-29 photos.

Manchester journeyed 2-for-3 on the energy engage in. Hershey has been 0-for-2 together with the gentleman advantage.

NOTABLES: Defenseman Jacob black Muzzin have scored the initial qualified objective throughout tonight’azines loss…Using the success within overtime, the actual Hershey Has get linked the actual all-time record for the majority of extra time victories from the Calder Cup 2010 playoffs...With an aid upon eventually left mentorship Marijuana Holloway’utes purpose, quit mentoring Dwight Double is within the midst of the three-game level streak (1-2=3)…Above his / her previous 12 playoff contests, Holloway features a few targets and six assists (3-6=9)…Defenseman Johnson Hickey’utes 2 aids tag another moment through the The year 2010 Calder Mug Playoffs which a Kings and queens gambler has had several aids in the video game.